Critical perspectives on internationalization in higher education: commercialization, global citizenship, or postcolonial imperialism?

We explore the literature on internationalization in higher education and distinguish between mainstream radical approaches to critical scholarship. argue that approach continues steer towards socially progressive equitable aims, while growing concerns have surfaced especially with regard its commercialization. focus postcolonial suggest it has inherent limitations stemming from roots a ‘modern global/colonial imaginary’ based an outdated bipolar or unipolar, rather than multipolar, view of geopolitics. In analysis education, this perspective fails recognize contemporary forms colonialism and, contrast other strands scholarship, neglects shifting nature geopolitics various locations colonialism. Consequently, we becomes myopic, as tends be West-centric, selectively denies local agency. Moreover, falls short explaining motives behind diverse contexts. Therefore, for plurality approaches, widely applied, gain comprehensive understanding global scale.